A MANET Emergency Communication for Catastrophic Natural Disasters

 

When stricken by a catastrophic natural disaster, emergency rescue operation is very critical to many lives. Many people trapped in the disastrous areas under collapsed buildings or landslides may have a large chance to survive if they are rescued in "Golden 72 Hours". People evacuated from their home jammed in highways or dome shelters need to communicate to each other for various reasons. However, communication systems were usually down due to various reasons. The loss of communication systems made the rescue operation extremely difficult. Many people died before they got a chance to be rescued. This paper analyzes the causes that paralyzed the entire communication systems in Jiji Earthquake and proposes a MANET based emergency communication and information system that can support a large number of rescue volunteers under catastrophic natural disasters.

CHALLENGES AND SYSTEM

Impact of Communication System Crash

 

The impact of communication system crash to the Jiji Earthquake will be presented in this section. Many people trapped in the disastrous areas under collapsed buildings or landslides may have large  chance to survive if they are rescued in 72 hours, called Golden 72 Hour. The loss of communication systems and information system created a big impact to the efficiency of rescue operation.

•  In a catastrophic disaster, regular rescue teams including trained professional rescue squads, police, army, and fire fighters were far from sufficient for the emergency rescue mission.

• Transportation system was paralyzed not only by broken bridges and roads, but also by a large number of disorganized voluntary rescue vehicles

• A large volume of rescue and relief resources were misplaced because the assessment of disasters distribution is virtually blind and inaccurate in the early hours even days after a big quake.

•  Trained and skill-specific professional rescue squads were misplaced to wrong spots

Causes that Crashed Communication

Systems

To many people's surprise, cellular mobile communication systems that were thought highly dependable in emergency were completely wiped out in many cases. Followings are parts of causes we found in Jiji Earthquake:  

• Base stations were crashed.

• Trunks connecting base stations to MSCs were broken almost everywhere, especially broken roads and bridges

•  Backup power generators were out because of fuel exhausted.

•   Critical hardware equipments were down because cooling tower fell down or cooling pipes were broken.

Environmental Constraints and System

Requirements

Following are the constraints and requirements for an emergency communication system that can support a voluntary rescue operation for a catastrophic disaster.

• Outgoing link is either not available or very limited.

• Server is probably not available.

• All Internet based services, such as Skype, are not available, because of no Internet access.

• There is a very stringent time constraint that volunteers are not able to use those devices that have a complicated user interface. In other words, user interface must be very simple.

Available Options of Emergency

Communication Systems

There are few options for emergency communication systems

• Walkie-Talkie Perhaps Walkie-Talkie is the most convenient and reliable communication system for emergency. However, the popularity of Walkie-Talkie in many countries is far less than notebook PCs.

•    Emergency Mobile Communication Systems Various equipment vendors are offering emergency mobile communication systems to stop its momentum yet.

MANET based P2Pnet

To construct a MANET based group communication system to support emergency communication and information network, called P2Pnet. Using P2P communication technologies, a P2Pnet is able to support Walkie-Talkie-like communication, Push-to-Talk, VoIP, and network information systems for emergency usage. Compared with other options, no extra hardware cost is needed.

MANET Based P2Pnet

System Architecture

P2Pnet is a server less peer-to-peer communication network based on MANET to support temporary group communication and information network.  P2Pnet is a serverless peer-to-peer communication network based on MANET to support temporary group communication and information network. As depicted in Fig, some nodes may have satellite communication capability performing gatewayfunctions so that all other nodes can access Internet through gateways if they are available. On top of MANET, there is a layer of peer-to-peer communication service to support higher level services such as Walkie-Talkie, Push-to-Talk, and VoIP communications.

  

Three basic communication modes are supported as followings:

• Uncontrolled Single-Hop Group Communication Network (U1Net) Each node can broadcast data to neighboring nodes in one-hop distance.

•  Uncontrolled K-Hop Group Communication Network Each node can broadcast data to neighboring nodes in K-hop distance. No authorization will be enforced. This mode can support long range Walkie-Talkie-like communications.

• Controlled K-Hop Group Communication Network  This is a more advanced mode and can support unicast type services such as VoIP. 

The most important lessons we learned from numerous disasters are that mobile communication system is vulnerable and the loss of communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. This paper analyzes the causes that paralyzed the entire communication systems in Jiji Earthquake and proposes a P2Pnet that uses notebook PCs to construct a MANET based emergency communication and information system. Brief system requirements and system design are presented. A prototype of Disastrous Earthquake Rescue Information System is presented. Finally, a P2Pnet prototype was tested in and English mobile learning class. The technical aspects of experiment results are presented.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the body of scientific principles that explains the behaviour of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles and how these phenomena could be related to everyday.
Classical physics explains matter and energy at the macroscopic level of the scale familiar to human experience, including the behaviour of astronomical bodies. It remains the key to measurement for much of modern science and technology. 

Mathematical formulations
In the mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics developed by Paul Dirac David Hilbert, John von Neumann,and Hermann Weyl the possible states of a quantum mechanical system are represented by unit vectors (called "state vectors"). Formally, these reside in a complex separable Hilbert space - variously called the "state space" or the "associated Hilbert space" of the system - that is well defined up to a complex number of norm 1 (the phase factor).

Mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics
There are numerous mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics. One of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the "transformation theory" proposed by the late Cambridge theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the two earliest formulations of quantum mechanics—matrix mechanics and wave mechanics. 

Interactions with other scientific theories
The rules of quantum mechanics are fundamental. They assert that the state space of a system is a Hilbert space, and that observables of that system are Hermitian operators acting on that space—although they do not tell us which Hilbert space or which operators. This "high energy" limit is known as the classical or correspondence limit

1.The standard model
The most developed quantum theory to date is known as the "standard model", and is considered to be the most accurate physical theory ever created. It has been proved to be valid to a very high precision. 

2. Weird and spooky
Some of the phenomena of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement were described by Albert Einstein as "spooky" because, at the sub-atomic level, physics as we think we know it breaks down and becomes almost incomprehensible

3.Core principles
There are a few basic core principles for understanding quantum mechanics and the supposedly spooky oddness that goes on at the level of atoms. It is very important to remember one key thing: quantum mechanics is not classical mechanics. 


The Photoelectric Effect
In the late nineteenth century, James Clerk Maxwell formulated a theory of electromagnetism that described a wide range of electrical phenomena, and in particular described light as an electromagnetic wave. Despite the success of this theory, the early twentieth century found it unable to describe certain aspects of the photoelectric effect.

Quantisation of energy
Prior to quantum theory, energy was thought of as necessarily analogue; taking any value indiscriminately and acting as a smooth transition. In the macroscopic world, this observation remains fairly true. Like a hosepipe that can deliver whatever amount of water you like by turning the tap in small amounts.

Particle-wave duality
Classical mechanics treats particles and waves as different things. A particle is a point, a speck with mass and an exact location. A wave is a little more abstract but it has wavelength - it's spread out, with frequency and speed. In quantum mechanics there is no distinction. Particles can be waves and waves can be particles - although really they're something else entirely with some, but not all, of the properties of both. We've evolved in a macroscopic world where we can see a distinction, but there isn't in the quantum world.

Uncertainty
With the wave-like nature of quantum mechanics established, problems began to arise in figuring out the location of particles. Waves do not have a specific location; they're spread out over an area and aren't described the same way as particles. Thus the "uncertainty principle" was established; in short it means you cannot know the location and momentum of a particle to the same degree of accuracy. 

Interpretations
There are many attempts at intuitive interpretations of quantum mechanics, and a minor industry of physicists coming up with them. These attempt to come up with an intuitive framework to explain the equations - essentially, trying to get them to "make sense" because, frankly, they really don't. 

Copenhagen interpretation
The Copenhagen interpretation, favoured by quantum mechanical pioneer Neils Bohr, envisages that the wavelike behaviour of particles "collapses" upon observation. It proposes that superpositions of states should be taken extremely literally and that a wavefunction is nothing more than an abstract concept that just reflects our uncertainty and lack of knowledge prior to an observation. 

Conscious observation
"Observation," in the sense of the Copenhagen interpretation is really just short-hand for any form of interaction with a quantum system. There are some, however, that seem to take it as requiring conscious observation, i.e., observation by a human mind. This is highlighted in the intentional absurdity of Schrödinger's cat experiment, where the cat and the detector itself act as "observers."

Quantum woo
Quantum physics is a difficult subject and people without science degrees are rarely expected to understand it — even those with the degrees are usually expected to have a working knowledge and not a full appreciation of every aspect of it. Its difficulty is further increased by the fact that, in many cases, there really are no decent lay explanations of how it works, so more accurate and nuanced explanations are lacking in popular science. 

Quantum consciousness
Scientists have some partial understanding of quantum physics but frequently disagree with each other while ordinary people are regularly mystified. Similarly the reason for consciousness is, given current scientific knowledge, impossible to understand.

Applications:
Quantum mechanics had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our world. Quantum mechanics is often the only tool available that can reveal the individual behaviors of the subatomic particles that make up all forms of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and others). 

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